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| − | '''<big>A</big>''' final example of the subtle line dividing IS and transposons is found in the IS''91''/IS''CR'' group [[:Image:1.17.1.png|(Fig.1.17.1)]]. IS''91'' was identified some time ago<ref><nowiki><pubmed>6323920</pubmed></nowiki></ref> and carries a single Tpase orf. More recently, a group of related elements, IS''CR'' (IS with a "Common Region") was described [reviewed in <ref><nowiki><pubmed>16760305</pubmed></nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki><pubmed>20634542</pubmed></nowiki></ref>]. [[Image:1.17.1.png|thumb|500x500px|'''Fig. 1.17.1.''' IS''91'' and IS''CR'' families.
| + | ====General==== |
| − | | + | Under construction |
| − | The transposons are shown as pink boxes; transposase as purple filled arrows; subterminal secondary structures essential for transposition are shown as filled dark blue (IS''91'') and pale blue (IS''CR'') arrow-heads. These, known as Ori-IS and ter-IS (in the case of ISCR this has not yet been clearly defined), are involved with initiation and termination of transposition on the rolling circle transposition model; larger, pale blue arrow is a Y-recombinase gene present in some IS''91'' family elements; secondary places which act as surrogate ends are also indicated to the right in the green flanking DNA; passenger genes are shown as red boxes. |alt=|border|center]]
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| − | Although there has been no formal demonstration that these actually transpose, the CR is an orf which resembles the IS''91'' family Tpases<ref><nowiki><pubmed>23832240</pubmed></nowiki></ref>. The major feature of IS''CR'' elements is that they are associated with a diverse variety of antibiotic resistance genes and, particularly in the case of ''[[wikipedia:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' IS''CR'', aromatic degradation pathways, both upstream and downstream of the Tpase ORF.
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| − | It is thought that these genes are transmitted during the rolling circle type of transposition mechanism postulated to occur in IS''91'' transposition [[:Image:1.17.2.png|(Fig.1.17.2)]]. This involves an initiation event at one IS end, polarized transfer of the IS strand into a target molecule and termination at the second end<ref><nowiki><pubmed>19709290</pubmed></nowiki></ref>. However, the [https://web.unican.es/ibbtec/en-us/about-ibbtec/team/members/member-detail?d=Fernando-de-la-Cruz-Calahorra-(IP) de la Cruz lab] has identified circular IS''91'' forms and it seems possible that these are transposition intermediates. An alternative model involving transposon circle formation is shown in [[:Image:1.17.3.png|Fig.1.17.3]]. This model is attractive since it would liberate the transposon circle intermediate to locating a target site following circle formation rather than requiring target engagement during the replicative transposition process [[:Image:1.17.2.png|(Fig.1.17.2)]].
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| − | Flanking gene acquisition is thought to occur when the termination mechanism fails and rolling circle transposition extends into neighboring DNA where it may encounter a second surrogate end. This type of mobile element may prove to play an important role in the assembly and transmission of multiple antibiotic resistance<ref><nowiki><pubmed>21729108</pubmed></nowiki></ref>.
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| − | <center>
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| − | [[Image:1.17.2.png|thumb|600px|'''Fig 1.17.2.''' IS''91'' rolling circle co-ordinated donor-target transposition model:
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| − | Rolling circle transposition . The displaced strand of the transposon is in red; the non-displaced strand in grey; newly replicated DNA, dotted red line. '''(1)''' Tpase catalyzed 5' ori-IS cleavage to generate a 3' OH on the donor replicon. Concomitantly, a similar cleavage occurs in the DNA target. '''(2)''' Donor strand (5') displacement into the target site, 3'OH target attack and donor primed IS replication. '''(3)''' Termination (5' Tpase ter cleavage) to generate a 3' OH. '''(4)''' Transposon strand transfer to attack the 5' target site. '''(5)''' strand closure of the donor and target molecules. '''(6)''' Transposon replication in the target. |alt=|border|none]]
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| − | [[Image:1.17.3.png|thumb|600px|'''Fig 1.17.3.''' IS''91'' rolling circle Peel and paste transposition model.
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| − | Rolling circle transposition (adapted from Grabundzija et al., 2016). The displaced strand of the transposon is in red; the non-displaced strand in grey; newly replicated DNA, dotted red line. '''(1)''' Tpase catalyzed 5' ori-IS cleavage to generate a 3'OH on the donor replicon. '''(2)''' Donor primed IS replication. '''(3)''' Termination (5' Tpase ter cleavage). '''(4)''' Single strand transposon circle. '''(5)''' Target capture (replication fork?). '''(6)''' Tpase catalyzed insertion. '''(7)''' Replication (host) of the insert. An alternative possibility is shown in the formation of a double-strand DNA intermediate by replication of the single-strand circle.|alt=|none]]
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| − | </center>
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| | ==Bibliography== | | ==Bibliography== |
| | <references /> | | <references /> |
