General Information/Non-autonomous IS derivatives

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Many prokaryotic genomes are littered with IS fragments and small, non-autonomous IS derivatives whose transposition can, in principle, be catalyzed in trans by the Tpase of a related complete IS (Fig.8.1). Structures called MITEs (Miniature Inverted repeat Transposable Elements), first identified in Neisseria[1] are found in many organisms including plants[2][3][4][5], insects[6][7], fungi[8] bacteria [1][9][10][11][12] and archaea[13][14][15] are related to IS with DDE Tpases[14][16]. Among those derived from IS with DDE transposases, representatives of the IS1, IS4, IS5, IS6, and even Tn3 family members such as ISRf1 from Sinorhizobium fredii have been identified. They are generally less than 300 bp long, include appropriately oriented left and right terminal IR but no Tpase and generally generate flanking DR. MITEs are probably derived from IS by internal deletion. Some carry short non-coding sequences between these IRs which may or may not be IS-derived. MITEs are considered to be non-autonomous transposable elements mobilizable in trans by Tpases of full-length parental genomic copies. They were first identified in plants[3][17][18][19] and are related to Tc/mariner elements (distantly related to bacterial IS630 family). IS630-related MITEs were also the first described bacterial examples[1][20][21][22][23]. MITEs showing similarities to other IS and transposon families are observed in bacteria and archaea. Those related to the Tn3 family have been called TIMEs[24].

MITE-like structures related to elements with other types of transposase have also been identified. Among these are IS200/IS605 family derivatives[16]; (P. Siguier, unpublished) (Fig.13.1) now called PATEs (Palindrome-Associated Transposable Elements)[25] reflecting the sub-terminal secondary structures which constitute the ends of these IS. Although originally observed in the Archaea as derivatives of known IS200/IS605 family members, they have also been observed in certain cyanobacteria and Salmonella (P. Siguier unpublished). They presumably represent decay products that appear quite frequently for this IS family.

Full-length copies of the parental IS may not be available or may be so divergent as to escape detection in standard BLAST analysis. This is the case for certain MITEs from the archaea [26] and is probably also true for the bacteria. Their detection and analysis are therefore arduous.

Another group of IS derivatives related to MITEs are called MICs (Mobile Insertion Cassette)[27][28] (Fig.8.1). These, like MITEs, are flanked by IR, do not include a Tpase gene and generate flanking DR. They carry various coding sequences, and are present in relatively low copy number. The IS231 sub-group of the large IS4 family includes examples of many of these IS-derivatives (canonical ISs, MITEs, MICs and tIS)[27][29]. Tn3-derived MICs appear to be particularly prevalent in Xanthomonas where they include TALE (Transcriptional Activator Like Elements) genes involved in Xanthomonas pathogenicity in plants [30]




Fig.13.1. PATEs (Palindrome-Associated Transposable Elements) isolated ends from IS609. The particular case of MITES derived from IS200/IS605 family members. Top: The IS ends with their essential secondary structures are shown in red (left end) and blue (right end). The boxed (left) sequence represents the conserved target sequence and underlined (right) sequence at the right end are sequences recognized by guide sequences at the foot of the secondary structures necessary for directing cleavage. The inset represents a full-sized IS with its transposase tnpA1 (red) and the accessory gene tnpB (pale green). The actual DNA sequences are shown at the bottom of the figure.

Bibliography

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Correia FF, Inouye S, Inouye M . A family of small repeated elements with some transposon-like properties in the genome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. - J Biol Chem: 1988 Sep 5, 263(25);12194-8 [PubMed:2842323]
  2. ↑ Feschotte C, Swamy L, Wessler SR . Genome-wide analysis of mariner-like transposable elements in rice reveals complex relationships with stowaway miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs). - Genetics: 2003 Feb, 163(2);747-58 [PubMed:12618411] [DOI]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Feschotte C, Wessler SR . Mariner-like transposases are widespread and diverse in flowering plants. - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2002 Jan 8, 99(1);280-5 [PubMed:11756687] [DOI]
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  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 De Palmenaer D, Vermeiren C, Mahillon J . IS231-MIC231 elements from Bacillus cereus sensu lato are modular. - Mol Microbiol: 2004 Jul, 53(2);457-67 [PubMed:15228527] [DOI]
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